• • • Discourse (from discursus, 'running to and from') denotes written and spoken: • In and: Discourse is a conceptual generalization of within each modality and context of communication. • The totality of codified language (vocabulary) used in a given field of intellectual enquiry and of social practice, such as legal discourse, medical discourse, religious discourse, et cetera. • In the work of, and that of the social theoreticians he inspired: discourse describes 'an entity of sequences, of signs, in that they are enouncements ( énoncés)', statements in conversation. As discourse, an enouncement (statement) is not a unit of signs, but an abstract construct that allows the semiotic signs to assign meaning, and so communicate specific, repeatable communications to, between, and among objects, subjects, and statements. Therefore, a discourse is composed of semiotic sequences (relations among signs that communicate meaning) between and among objects, subjects, and statements. The term ' discursive formation' (: formation discursive) conceptually describes the regular communications (written and spoken) that produce such discourses, such as informal conversations.
Questions by the Looker community answered by Looker experts. The Discourses by Epictetus, part of the Internet Classics Archive.
As a philosopher, Michel Foucault applied the discursive formation in the analyses of large bodies of knowledge, such as and. In the first sense-usage (semantics and discourse analysis), the term discourse is studied in, the expressed in (samples) of 'real world' text.
In the second sense (the codified language of a field of enquiry) and in the third sense (a statement, un énoncé), the analysis of a discourse examines and determines the connections among and. Moreover, because a discourse is a body of text meant to communicate specific data, information, and knowledge, there exist internal relations in the content of a given discourse; likewise, there exist external relations among discourses. As such, a discourse does not exist per se (in itself), but is related to other discourses, by way of inter-discursivity; therefore, in the course of, the discourse among researchers features the questions and answers of What is.?
And What is not., conducted according to the meanings (denotation and connotation) of the concepts (statements) used in the given field of enquiry, such as,, and; and; the and. In, the general term for discourse is. Contents • • • • • • • • The humanities [ ] In the and in the, the term discourse describes a formal way of thinking that can be expressed through language; the discourse is a social boundary that defines what statements can be said about a topic.
Discourse affects the person's perspective; it is impossible to avoid discourse. For example, two notably distinct discourses can be used about various movements describing them either as ' or '.
In other words, the chosen discourse provides the vocabulary, expressions and perhaps also the needed to communicate. Discourses are embedded in different rhetorical genres and metagenres that constrain and enable them. That is language talking about language, for instance the 's manual tells which terms have to be used in talking about mental health, thereby mediating meanings and dictating practices of the professionals of psychology and psychiatry. Discourse is closely linked to different theories of and, at least as long as defining discourses is seen to mean defining reality itself. This conception of discourse is largely derived from the work of French philosopher Michel Foucault. Modernism [ ] Modern theorists were focused on achieving progress and believed in the existence of natural and social laws which could be used universally to develop knowledge and thus a better understanding of society. Modernist theorists were preoccupied with obtaining the truth and reality and sought to develop theories which contained certainty and predictability.
Modernist theorists therefore viewed discourse as being relative to talking or way of talking and understood discourse to be functional. Discourse and language transformations are ascribed to progress or the need to develop new or more 'accurate' words to describe new discoveries, understandings, or areas of interest. In modern times, language and discourse are dissociated from power and ideology and instead conceptualized as 'natural' products of common sense usage or progress.
Further gave rise to the liberal discourses of rights, equality, freedom, and justice; however, this rhetoric masked substantive inequality and failed to account for differences, according to Regnier. Structuralism [ ] theorists, such as and, argue that all human actions and social formations are related to and can be understood as systems of related elements. This means that the 'individual elements of a system only have significance when considered in relation to the structure as a whole, and that structures are to be understood as self-contained, self-regulated, and self-transforming entities.' In other words, it is the structure itself that determines the significance, meaning and function of the individual elements of a system. Structuralism has made an important contribution to our understanding of language and social systems.
Highlights the decisive role of meaning and signification in structuring human life more generally. Postmodernism [ ] Following the perceived limitations of the modern era, emerged theory. Postmodern theorists rejected modernist claims that there was one theoretical approach that explained all aspects of society. Rather, postmodernist theorists were interested in examining the variety of experience of individuals and groups and emphasized differences over similarities and common experiences. In contrast to modern theory, postmodern theory is more fluid and allows for individual differences as it rejected the notion of social laws. Postmodern theorists shifted away from truth seeking and instead sought answers for how truths are produced and sustained. Postmodernists contended that truth and knowledge is plural, contextual, and historically produced through discourses.
Postmodern researchers therefore embarked on analyzing discourses such as texts, language, policies and practices. French social theorist developed a notion of discourse in his early work, especially the (1972). In Discursive Struggles Within Social Welfare: Restaging Teen Motherhood, Iara Lessa summarizes Foucault's definition of discourse as 'systems of thoughts composed of ideas, attitudes, courses of action, beliefs and practices that systematically construct the subjects and the worlds of which they speak.' Foucault traces the role of discourses in wider social processes of legitimating and power, emphasizing the construction of current truths, how they are maintained and what power relations they carry with them.' Foucault later theorized that discourse is a medium through which power relations produce speaking subjects.
Foucault (1977, 1980) argued that power and knowledge are inter-related and therefore every human relationship is a struggle and negotiation of power. Foucault further stated that power is always present and can both produce and constrain the truth. Discourse according to Foucault (1977, 1980, 2003) is related to power as it operates by rules of exclusion.
Discourse therefore is controlled by objects, what can be spoken of; ritual, where and how one may speak; and the privileged, who may speak. Coining the phrases Foucault (1980) stated knowledge was both the creator of power and creation of power. An object becomes a 'node within a network.' In his work, The Archaeology of Knowledge, Foucault uses the example of a book to illustrate a node within a network. A book is not made up of individual words on a page, each of which has meaning, but rather 'is caught up in a system of references to other books, other texts, other sentences.' The meaning of that book is connected to a larger, overarching web of knowledge and ideas to which it relates.
One of the key discourses that Foucault identified as part of his critique of power-knowledge was that of, which he related very closely to his conceptualization of in his lectures on biopolitics. This trajectory of Foucault's thinking has been taken up widely within. See also [ ]. • Marks, Larry (June 2001)..
Retrieved 25 May 2011. Paris: Éditions Gallimard.
• (1970) [1966].... • Compact Oxford Dictionary, Thesaurus and Wordpower Guide (2001). Oxford University Press, New York. • Catherine F. Schryer and Philippa Spoel.
Genre Theory, Health-Care Discourse, and Professional Identity Formation. Journal of Business and Technical Communication 2005. 19: 249 • ^ J. Larrain (1994). 'Ideology and cultural identity: Modernity and the third world presence'. • ^ & (1997).
The postmodern turn... • ^ Strega, 2005 • Regnier, 2005 • ^ D. Howarth (2000). Philadelphia, Pa.:.. Howarth (2000). Philadelphia, Pa.:.
• Sommers, Aaron. Discourse and Difference 'University of New Hampshire Cosmology Seminar' • Lessa, Iara (February 2006).... 36 (2): 283–298.. • Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977. Selected interviews and other writings 1972, 1977, 1980. Archaeology of knowledge.
• Foucault, M. (2008) The Birth Of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978–1979. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
References [ ] • (1977). Discipline and Punish. 'Two Lectures,' in Colin Gordon, ed., Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews. Society Must Be Defended.
A Foucault primer: Discourse, power, and the subject. Leitch (2007). 'A toolbox for public relations: The oeuvre of Michel Foucault'..
33 (3): 263–268.. Structural social work: Ideology, theory, and practice (2nd ed.). Discourse 2 [PowerPoint slides].
Retrieved from • (1997). 'Language, identity, and the ownership of English'.. Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Inc. 31 (3): 409–429...
• Research as resistance: Critical, indigenous and anti-oppressive approaches.(2005). A., Strega S. (Eds.), Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press. The view from the poststructural margins: Epistemology and methodology reconsidered.
Strega (Eds.), Research as resistance (pp. 199–235). Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press. Sunderland (2004).
Gendered discourses. External links [ ] Wikiquote has quotations related to: •.
Register and get the news in discourse analysis. •, Retrovirology 2006, 3:55 •.
• • Website Discourse is an and application founded in 2013 by, Robin Ward, and Sam Saffron. Discourse received funding from and. The application is written with and. Serves as its back-end.
From a perspective, Discourse breaks with by including features recently popularized by large, such as, live updates, oneboxing, expanding links, and. However, the stated goals of the project are social rather than technical, to improve online discussion quality through improved forum software. The is distributed under the.
Therefore Discourse can be by anyone. Alternatively, hosting service can be bought from the company of the founders. As of October 2017, more than 700 businesses or instances have chosen this option. On May 2017, Jeff Atwood - one of the founders - told in an interview that the company is generating approximately 120,000 dollars per month at that time.
With the money the company pays salary for its full-time employees who maintain the software and develop new features which benefits those who are self-hosting the open source software, too. This is an example of an where a company sells professional services to willing customers. Contents • • • • • • • • • Server requirements [ ] The officially-provided, x86_64 Linux, images are the only supported method for installing Discourse in production.
Discourse uses a custom 'launcher' script to configure the containers, and also provide an included 'docker_manager' plugin for the forum itself to allow administrators to perform updates and backups from the graphical interface. The Docker-based distribution includes the web server (which is based on and ), database system (), cache (), and background processing services (). The launcher script defaults to running them all on the same server, but supports running them separately. Discourse does not support using Discourse with any of these services other than the versions provided by their images, but they do support using a separate web server or load balancer to run Discourse side-by-side with another website on the same domain. Discourse requires an outgoing MTA, and does not provide one itself. Discourse recommends buying access to an outgoing MTA from reputable commercial provider, to ensure that transactional mail arrives in a forum user's inbox.
Discourse also supports, but does not require, the ability to receive email. Discourse provides an optional Docker image for an incoming-only MTA, and supports receiving email via POP3 or IMAP. Features [ ] Discourse is natively designed for high resolution devices with a built-in mobile layout and has a wide range of features available for both hosted and self-hosted sites. Users receive immediate notifications when another member replies to them directly, them, mentions their name, sends a private message, or links to their post.
New posts and topics appear automatically on screen in real time. Creating or replying to a topic is done via an overlay editor which allows for uninterrupted reading, even if the user navigates to a different topic. Discourse auto-saves draft replies and topics to the server in the background to prevent the loss of a work in progress. Topics can be pinned to the top of all topic lists, or to a single category, with a brief summary of the content. A topic can also be transformed into a banner to have it appear on top of the site. These banners can be styled to fit with the wider site aesthetic.
Users can independently choose to dismiss the banner. Administrators can also add a permanent site-wide notification panel for urgent situations. Images can be uploaded, drag and dropped, or pasted. Large images are automatically and lightboxed. Enabled via a site setting, any remotely hotlinked images can be downloaded to preserve the topic. Discourse supports and. URLs from external websites which support this technology will automatically expand to provide a summary of the URL.
Long topics can be condensed with the Summarize button, so that users can view the most interesting and popular posts in the discussion. Discourse also empowers communities to crowdsource moderation through a flagging system which automatically hides inappropriate posts until they can be reviewed by a staff member. Discourse Narrative Bot [ ] Discobot is a customizable bot whose purpose is to teach new users, interactively, to use many of the platform's features like a topic, oneboxing links, add, name, very simple formatting, adding a picture to a reply, flagging posts and how to use the search function. Tags [ ] Discourse provides tagging functionality. When users create topics they can optionally attach tags.
Users can tag topics with one or more tags, auto watch tags as desired, list all tags and filter topics by tag. Site administrators can decide whether or not to allow users to create new tags, who can create new tags, which tags can be used in a category and also create groups tag. Groups [ ] When Discourse is installed it creates automatic groups, with different permissions, useful for site management as administrators, moderators, staff (administrators and moderators), and various trust levels for users. Discourse also allows the creation of custom groups. These groups are highly customizable and can be made private or public. Depending on the selected settings, groups can be visible to all or only to group members, users can join and leave the group freely or send a request to be added to the group owner.
Users can be also added to a group by invitation or automatically added using an email domain that matches one in the allowed list. Discourse APP [ ] Discourse APP is an official open source application for and devices. It was released in November 2016 and allows users to keep track of new and unread posts and notifications across multiple Discourse sites. Real time push notifications are native for officially hosted Discourse forums. In October 2017, an unofficial app was released, allowing self-hosted Discourse forums to create their own brand app and deploy it on the and marketplace. The app is developed by pmusaraj who is a long term Discourse user and a plugin author.
See also [ ] • • References [ ].
Failed to load latest commit information. README.md Discourse is the 100% open source discussion platform built for the next decade of the Internet. Use it as a: • mailing list • discussion forum • long-form chat room To learn more about the philosophy and goals of the project,. Screenshots Browse. Development • If you're brand new to Ruby and Rails, please see or our, which includes a development environment in a virtual machine. • If you're familiar with how Rails works and are comfortable setting up your own environment, use our. Before you get started, ensure you have the following minimum versions:,,.
If you're having trouble, please see our first! Setting up Discourse If you want to set up a Discourse forum for production use, see our. If you're looking for business class hosting, see.
Requirements Discourse is built for the next 10 years of the Internet, so our requirements are high: Browsers Tablets Phones Safari 6.1+ iPad 3+ iOS 8+ Google Chrome 32+ Android 4.3+ Android 4.3+ Internet Explorer 11+ Firefox 27+ Built With • — Our back end API is a Rails app. It responds to requests RESTfully in JSON. • — Our front end is an Ember.js app that communicates with the Rails API.
• — Our main data store is in Postgres. • — We use Redis as a cache and for transient data. Plus lots of Ruby Gems, a complete list of which is. Contributing Discourse is 100% free and open source. We encourage and support an active, healthy community that accepts contributions from the public – including you! Before contributing to Discourse: • Please read the complete mission statements on.
Yes we actually believe this stuff; you should too. • Read and sign the. • Dig into, which covers submitting bugs, requesting new features, preparing your code for a pull request, etc. • Always strive to collaborate. • Not sure what to work on? We look forward to seeing your pull requests!
Security We take security very seriously at Discourse; all our code is 100% open source and peer reviewed. Please read for an overview of security measures in Discourse, or if you wish to report a security issue. The Discourse Team The original Discourse code contributors can be found in. For a complete list of the many individuals that contributed to the design and implementation of Discourse, please refer to and. Copyright / License Copyright 2014 - 2017 Civilized Discourse Construction Kit, Inc. Licensed under the GNU General Public License Version 2.0 (or later); you may not use this work except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License in the LICENSE file, or at: Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an 'AS IS' BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License. Discourse logo and “Discourse Forum” ®, Civilized Discourse Construction Kit, Inc. Dedication Discourse is built with.